English Speaking Ask about the Weather

Even strangers discuss the weather. Learn the proper vocabulary and expressions, and you'll find it easy to start a conversation anytime, anywhere--with anyone you meet!Small TalkWhat can we say in casual conversations with strangers or colleagues we meet in the lift? Small talk is a casual form of conversation that "breaks the ice" or fills an awkward silence between people.Agreeing and DisagreeingSooner or later you will get the urge to agree or disagree with something that is being said in English. Offering an opinion can be difficult when it is not in your first language...

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English Speaking Ask about the Weather

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English Speaking:' Presentations & Public Speaking

Learn how to give a presentation or speak in public in English. This tutorial guides you step by step through the process of making a presentation, from preparation to conclusion and questions."Well Done!!!! All the basics, in an easy to use, easy to follow format! Finally, my students have some high quality, free material to use!"

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English Speaking:' Presentations & Public Speaking

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English Speaking

Speaking is the 2nd of the four language skills, which are:
1. Listening 2. Speaking 3. Reading 4. Writing
The Importance of Speaking Practice
Speaking to yourself can be "dangerous" because men in white coats may come and take you away!! That is why you should make every effort possible to find somebody to speak with.
Greetings
How to say hello in English. On these pages you can listen to and practise greeting people in a variety of situations - from the classroom to business.
"What should I call you?"
How to Address People in English
What name or title can we use when speaking to friends, colleagues, acquaintances, teachers, doctors etc?
Telephone English
In this lesson we look at some of the words and expressions that we use for telephoning. There are also some practice sessions and a quiz for you to check your understanding.

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English Speaking

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How To Learn English

Tips and ideas on the best ways to learn English faster.
Tips for Beginners
   1. You are like a new baby
      Babies learn their language slowly.
      First they learn to listen.
      Then they learn to talk.
      Finally, they can read and write.
   2. Listen to English every day
      Listen to English radio.
      Watch English TV.
      Go to English movies.
      Use online lessons.
   3. Make an English/ESL friend
      Make up conversations.
      Practise dialogues.
      Use beginner textbooks.
   4. Read English stories
      Start with children's storybooks.
      Try ESL readers.
      Read advertisements, signs and labels.
      Try EnglishClub.com for Young Learners.
   5. Write down new words
      Start a vocabulary (new word) notebook.
      Write words in alphabetical order (A...B...C...).
      Make example sentences.
      Always use an English-English dictionary first.
   6. Keep an English diary
      Start with one sentence.
      How do you feel?
      How is the weather?
      What did you do today?
      Write another sentence tomorrow.
   7. Visit an English speaking country
      Learn English more quickly.
      Stay with an English family.
      Hear native speakers talk.
      Have a fun experience.

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How To Learn English

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English Listening

Listening is the 1st of the four language skills, which are:
1. Listening 2. Speaking 3. Reading 4. Writing

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English Listening

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Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence.
Here are some example conjunctions:
Coordinating Conjunctions	Subordinating Conjunctions
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so	although, because, since, unless
We can consider conjunctions from three aspects.
Form
Conjunctions have three basic forms:
• Single Word
  for example: and, but, because, although
  
• Compound (often ending with as or that)
  for example: provided that, as long as, in order that
  
• Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)
  for example: so...that
Function
Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":
• Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:
  - Jack and Jill went up the hill.
  - The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.
  
• Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example:
  - I went swimming although it was cold.
Position
• Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.
  
• Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.
In this lesson we will look in more detail at:

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Conjunctions

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Interjections

Hi! That's an interjection. :-)
Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.

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Interjections

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Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:
• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES
at	in	on
PRECISE TIME	MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS	DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock	in May	on Sunday
at 10.30am	in summer	on Tuesdays
at noon	in the summer	on 6 March
at dinnertime	in 1990	on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime	in the 1990s	on Christmas Day
at sunrise	in the next century	on Independence Day
at sunset	in the Ice Age	on my birthday
at the moment	in the past/future	on New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
• I have a meeting at 9am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?

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Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

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English Prepositions List

There are about 150 prepositions in English. Yet this is a very small number when you think of the thousands of other words (nouns, verbs etc). Prepositions are important words. We use individual prepositions more frequently than other individual words. In fact, the prepositions of, to and in are among the ten most frequent words in English. Here is a short list of 70 of the more common one-word prepositions. Many of these prepositions have more than one meaning. Please refer to a dictionary for precise meaning and usage.
• aboard
• about
• above
• across
• after
• against
• along
• amid
• among
• anti
• around
• as
• at

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English Prepositions List

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Prepositions of Place: at, in, on

In general, we use:

• at for a POINT
• in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
• on for a SURFACE

at	in	on
POINT	ENCLOSED SPACE	SURFACE
at the corner	in the garden	on the wall
at the bus stop	in London	on the ceiling
at the door	in France	on the door
at the top of the page	in a box	on the cover
at the end of the road	in my pocket	on the floor
at the entrance	in my wallet	on the carpet
at the crossroads	in a building	on the menu
at the front desk	in a car	on a page

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Prepositions of Place: at, in, on

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English Prepositions

A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, as in:

• She left before breakfast.
• What did you come for?
  (For what did you come?)

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English Prepositions

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Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example:

• The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
In the above example, "who":

• relates to "person", which it modifies
• introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"
There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that*
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for people** and things and as subject and object in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information).

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Relative Pronouns

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Pronoun Case

Pronouns (and nouns) in English display "case" according to their function in the sentence. Their function can be:

• subjective (they act as the subject)
• objective (they act as the object)
• possessive (they show possession of something else)
The following table shows the different forms for pronouns depending on case.

			subjective case	objective case	possessive case
personal pronouns	singular	1st	I	me	mine
		2nd	you	you	yours
		3rd	he she it	him her it	his hers its
	plural	1st	we	us	ours
		2nd	you	you	yours
		3rd	they	them	theirs
relative/interrogative pronouns			who	whom	whose
			whoever	whomever
			which/that/what	which/that/what
indefinite pronouns			everybody	everybody	everybody's
A problem of case: Mary and I or Mary and me?

1. ary and I are delighted to be here today. (NOT Mary and me)
2. The letter was addressed to Mary and me. (NOT Mary and I)
n 1, Mary and I are subjects, which is why the pronoun takes the subjective case ("I"). In 2, Mary and I are objects, which is why the pronoun takes the objective case ("me"). An easy way to check the correct case is to try the sentence without Mary. Would you say "I am delighted to be here" or "Me am delighted to be here"? Would you say "The letter was addressed to me" or "The letter was addressed to I"?

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Pronoun Case

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Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:
    * all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone

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Indefinite Pronouns

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Reflexive Pronouns

We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

There are eight reflexive pronouns:

	reflexive pronoun
singular	myself yourself himself, herself, itself
plural	ourselves yourselves themselves

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Reflexive Pronouns

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Interrogative Pronouns

We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about).
There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which
Notice that the possessive pronoun whose can also be an interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun).


	subject	object
person	who	whom
thing	what
person/thing	which
person	whose		(possessive)

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Interrogative Pronouns

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Possessive Pronouns

We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).
We use possessive pronouns depending on:
• number: singular (eg: mine) or plural (eg: ours)
• person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his)
• gender: male (his), female (hers)
Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by some example sentences. Notice that each possessive pronoun can:
• be subject or object
• refer to a singular or plural antecedent

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Possessive Pronouns

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Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on:
    * number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we)
    * person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he)
    * gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it)
    * case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)
We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that we are talking about. My name is Josef but when I am talking about myself I almost always use "I" or "me", not "Josef". When I am talking direct to you, I almost always use "you", not your name. When I am talking about another person, say John, I may start with "John" but then use "he" or "him". And so on.

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Personal Pronouns

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Demonstrative Pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:
• near in distance or time (this, these)
• far in distance or time (that, those)
	near	far
singular	this	that
plural	these	those
Here are some examples with demonstrative pronouns, followed by an illustration:
• This tastes good.
• Have you seen this?
• These are bad times.
• Do you like these?
  
  
• That is beautiful.
• Look at that!
• Those were the days!
• Can you see those?
  
  
• This is heavier than that.
• These are bigger than those.

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Demonstrative Pronouns

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Pronouns

Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. We would have to say things like:
    * Do you like the president? I don't like the president. The president is too pompous.
With pronouns, we can say:
    * Do you like the president? I don't like him. He is too pompous.

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Pronouns

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3. Position

Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence:
    * Front (before the subject):
      - Now we will study adverbs.
    * Middle (between the subject and the main verb):
      - We often study adverbs.
    * End (after the verb or object):
      - We study adverbs carefully.

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3. Position

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1. Function

The principal job of an adverb is to modify (give more information about) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the word that it modifies is in italics.    * Modify a verb:      - John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
      - Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
      - She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)
    * Modify an adjective:
      - He is really handsome.
    * Modify another adverb:
      - She drives incredibly slowly.
But adverbs have other functions, too. They can:
    * Modify a whole sntence:
      - Obviously, I can't know everything.
    * Modify a prepositional phrase:
      - It's immediately inside the door.

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1. Function

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2. Form

Many adverbs end in -ly. We form such adverbs by adding -ly to the adjective. Here are some examples:
    * quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly
But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. "Friendly", for example, is an adjective.
Some adverbs have no particular form, for example:
    * well, fast, very, never, always, often, still

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2. Form

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Gradable and Non-gradable Adjectives

Adjectives describe qualities (characteristics) of nouns.
    * Some qualities can vary in intensity or grade (for example: rather hot, hot, very hot; hot, hotter, the hottest).
      The adjective hot is gradable.
    * Other qualities cannot vary in intensity or grade because they are:
         1. extremes (for example: freezing)
         2. absolutes (for example: dead)
         3. classifying (for example: nuclear)
    The adjectives freezing, dead and nuclear are non-gradable.

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Gradable and Non-gradable Adjectives

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Comparative Adjectives

When we talk about two things, we can "compare" them. We can see if they are the same or different. Perhaps they are the same in some ways and different in other ways. We can use comparative adjectives to describe the differences.

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Comparative Adjectives

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Superlative Adjectives

A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality. We use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things.In the example below, "biggest" is the superlative form of the adjective "big":

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Superlative Adjectives

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Determiners

Determiners are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase.
Articles:
    * a, an, the
Possessive Adjectives:
    * my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose
Other determiners:
    * each, every
    * either, neither
    * some, any, no
    * much, many; more, most
    * little, less, least
    * few, fewer, fewest
    * what, whatever; which, whichever
    * both, half, all
    * several
    * enough

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Determiners

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Adjective Order

There are 2 basic positions for adjectives:
1. before the noun
2. after certain verbs (be, become, get, seem, look, feel, sound, smell, taste)
		adj.	noun	verb	adj.
1	I like	big	cars.
2			My car	is	big.
In this lesson we look at the position of adjectives in a sentence, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:

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Adjective Order

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Adjectives

An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun. (By "noun" we include pronouns and noun phrases.)An adjective "qualifies" or "modifies" a noun (a big dog).Adjectives can be used before a noun (I like Chinese food) or after certain verbs (It is hard).We can often use two or more adjectives together (a beautiful young French lady).

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Adjectives

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Compound Nouns

Compound Nouns
A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. A compound noun is usually [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other combinations (see below). It is important to understand and recognize compound nouns. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and other nouns.
There are three forms for compound nouns:
   1. open or spaced - space between words (tennis shoe)
   2. hyphenated - hyphen between words (six-pack)
   3. closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (bedroom)

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Compound Nouns

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Noun as Adjective

As you know, a noun is a person, place or thing, and an adjective is a word that describes a noun:

adjective	noun
clever	teacher
small	office
black	horse

Sometimes we use a noun to describe another noun. In that case, the first noun "acts as" an adjective.

noun as adjective	noun
history	teacher
ticket	office
race	horse

The "noun as adjective" always comes first

If you remember this it will help you to understand what is being talked about:

• a race horse is a horse that runs in races
• a horse race is a race for horses
• a boat race is a race for boats
• a love story is a story about love
• a war story is a story about war
• a tennis ball is a ball for playing tennis
• tennis shoes are shoes for playing tennis
• a computer exhibition is an exhibition of computers
• a bicycle shop is a shop that sells bicycles

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Noun as Adjective

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Noun as Adjective

As you know, a noun is a person, place or thing, and an adjective is a word that describes a noun:
adjective	noun
clever	teacher
small	office
black	horse
Sometimes we use a noun to describe another noun. In that case, the first noun "acts as" an adjective.
noun as adjective	noun
history	teacher
ticket	office
race	horse
The "noun as adjective" always comes first
If you remember this it will help you to understand what is being talked about:
• a race horse is a horse that runs in races
• a horse race is a race for horses
• a boat race is a race for boats
• a love story is a story about love
• a war story is a story about war
• a tennis ball is a ball for playing tennis
• tennis shoes are shoes for playing tennis
• a computer exhibition is an exhibition of computers
• a bicycle shop is a shop that sells bicycles

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Noun as Adjective

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Possessive 's

When we want to show that something belongs to somebody or something, we usually add 's to a singular noun and an apostrophe ' to a plural noun, for example:
    * the boy's ball (one boy)
    * the boys' ball (two or more boys)
Notice that the number of balls does not matter. The structure is influenced by the possessor and not the possessed.

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Possessive 's

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Proper Nouns (Names)

A proper noun is the special word (or name) that we use for a person, place or organization, like John, Marie, London, France or Sony. A name is a noun, but a very special noun - a proper noun. Proper nouns have special rules.
common noun	proper noun
man, boy	John
woman, girl	Mary
country, town	England, London
company	Ford, Sony
shop, restaurant	Maceys, McDonalds
month, day of the week	January, Sunday
book, film	War & Peace, Titanic

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Proper Nouns (Names)

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Countable and Uncountable Nouns

English nouns are often described as "countable" or "uncountable". In this lesson we look at:     * Countable Nouns     * Uncountable Nouns    * Nouns that can be Countable & Uncountable

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Countable and Uncountable Nouns

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Nouns

It's not easy to describe a noun. In simple terms, nouns are "things" (and verbs are "actions"). Like food. Food (noun) is something you eat (verb). Or happiness. Happiness (noun) is something you want (verb). Or human being. A human being (noun) is something you are (verb).

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Nouns

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What are Nouns?

The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:
• person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
• place: home, office, town, countryside, America
• thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey
The problem with this definition is that it does not explain why "love" is a noun but can also be a verb.
Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its:
1. Ending
2. Position
3. Function
1. Noun Ending
There are certain word endings that show that a word is a noun, for example:
• -ity > nationality
• -ment > appointment
• -ness > happiness
• -ation > relation
• -hood > childhood

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What are Nouns?

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Regular Verbs List

There are thousands of regular verbs in English. This is a list of 600 of the more common regular verbs. Note that there are some spelling variations in American English (for example, "practise" becomes "practice" in American English).

accept add admire admit advise afford agree alert

allow amuse analyse announce annoy answer apologise appear

applaud appreciate approve argue arrange arrest arrive ask

attach attack attempt attend attract avoid

 

back bake balance ban bang bare bat bathe battle beam

beg behave belong bleach bless blind blink blot blush boast

boil bolt bomb book bore borrow bounce bow box brake

brake branch breathe bruise brush bubble bump burn bury buzz

 

calculate call camp care carry carve cause challenge change charge chase cheat check cheer chew

choke chop claim clap clean clear clip close coach coil collect colour comb command communicate

compare compete complain complete concentrate concern confess confuse connect consider consist contain continue copy correct

cough count cover crack crash crawl cross crush cry cure curl curve cycle

 

dam damage dance dare decay deceive decide decorate delay delight

deliver depend describe desert deserve destroy detect develop disagree disappear

disapprove disarm discover dislike divide double doubt drag drain dream

dress drip drop drown drum dry dust

 

earn educate embarrass employ empty encourage

end enjoy enter entertain escape examine

excite excuse exercise exist expand expect

explain explode extend

 

face fade fail fancy fasten fax fear fence

fetch file fill film fire fit fix flap

flash float flood flow flower fold follow fool

force form found frame frighten fry

 

gather gaze glow glue

grab grate grease greet

grin grip groan guarantee

guard guess guide

 

hammer hand handle hang happen harass

harm hate haunt head heal heap

heat help hook hop hope hover

hug hum hunt hurry

 

identify ignore imagine impress improve include

increase influence inform inject injure instruct

intend interest interfere interrupt introduce invent

invite irritate itch

 

jail jam

jog join

joke judge

juggle jump

 

kick kill

kiss kneel

knit knock

knot

 

label land last laugh launch

learn level license lick lie

lighten like list listen live

load lock long look love

 

man manage march mark marry match mate

matter measure meddle melt memorise mend mess up

milk mine miss mix moan moor mourn

move muddle mug multiply murder

 

nail name

need nest

nod note

notice number

 

obey object observe

obtain occur offend

offer open order

overflow owe own

 

pack paddle paint park part pass paste pat pause peck pedal peel peep perform

permit phone pick pinch pine place plan plant play please plug point poke polish

pop possess post pour practise pray preach precede prefer prepare present preserve press pretend

prevent prick print produce program promise protect provide pull pump punch puncture punish push

 

question

queue

 

race radiate rain raise reach realise receive recognise record reduce reflect

refuse regret reign reject rejoice relax release rely remain remember remind

remove repair repeat replace reply report reproduce request rescue retire return

rhyme rinse risk rob rock roll rot rub ruin rule rush

 

sack sail satisfy save saw scare scatter scold scorch scrape scratch scream screw scribble scrub seal search separate serve settle shade share shave shelter

shiver shock shop shrug sigh sign signal sin sip ski skip slap slip slow smash smell smile smoke snatch sneeze sniff snore snow soak

soothe sound spare spark sparkle spell spill spoil spot spray sprout squash squeak squeal squeeze stain stamp stare start stay steer step stir stitch

stop store strap strengthen stretch strip stroke stuff subtract succeed suck suffer suggest suit supply support suppose surprise surround suspect suspend switch

 

talk tame tap taste tease telephone tempt terrify test thank

thaw tick tickle tie time tip tire touch tour tow

trace trade train transport trap travel treat tremble trick trip

trot trouble trust try tug tumble turn twist type

 

undress unfasten

unite unlock

unpack untidy

use

 

vanish

visit

 

wail wait walk wander want warm warn wash

waste watch water wave weigh welcome whine whip

whirl whisper whistle wink wipe wish wobble wonder

work worry wrap wreck wrestle wriggle

 

x-ray

 

yawn

yell

 

zip

zoom

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Regular Verbs List

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Basic Tenses

For past and present, there are 2 simple tenses + 6 complex tenses (using auxiliary verbs). To these, we can add 4 "modal tenses" for the future (using modal auxiliary verbs will/shall). This makes a total of 12 tenses in the active voice. Another 12 tenses are available in the passive voice. So now we have 24 tenses.

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Basic Tenses

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Basic Tenses: Regular Verb

This page shows the basic tenses with the regular verb work. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
positive:    +        subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
negative:    -        subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb
question:    ?        auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

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Basic Tenses: Regular Verb

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Tense and Time

What is Tense? | Tense & Time | Basic Tenses | Regular Verbs | Irregular Verbs | Be Tense and Time It is important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it to talk about time. For example, a present tense does not always refer to present time:    * I hope it rains tomorrow.      "rains" is present simple, but it refers here to future time (tomorrow)Or a past tense does not always refer to past time:    * If I had some money now, I could buy it.      "had" is past simple but it refers here to present time (now)

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Tense and Time

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What is Tense?

tense (noun): a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. (From Latin tempus = time).Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.So, we talk about time in English with tenses. But, and this is a very big but:    * we can also talk about time without using tenses (for example, going to is a special construction to talk about the future, it is not a tense)   * one tense does not always talk about one time (see Tense & Time for more about this)a

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What is Tense?

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The English Tense System

The links below are to lessons for each of the 12 basic tenses. In each lesson we look at two aspects of the tense:  * Structure: How do we make the tense?    * Use: When and why do we use the tense? Some lessons look at additional aspects, and most of them finish with a quiz to check your understanding.

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The English Tense System

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English Tense System

In some languages, verb tenses are not very important or do not even exist. In English, the concept of tense is very important.In this lesson we look at the idea behind tense, how to avoid confusing tense with time, and the structure of the basic tenses, with examples using a regular verb, an irregular verb and the verb be.

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English Tense System

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Tenses

The links below are to lessons for each of the 12 basic tenses. In each lesson we look at two aspects of the tense:    * Structure: How do we make the tense?    * Use: When and why do we use the tense?Sook at additional aspects, and most of them finish with a quiz to check your understanding.Many English learners worry too much about tense. If you stopped 100 native English speakers in the street and asked them about tense, 1 of them might give you an intelligent answer - if you were lucky. The other 99 would know little about terms like "past perfect" or "present continuous". And they would know nothing about aspect, voice or mood. But they can all speak fluent English and communicate effectively. Of course, for ESL it helps to know about tenses, but don't become obsessed with them. Be like those native speakers! Speak naturally!

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Tenses

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Verb Classification

We divide verbs into two broad classifications:
1. Helping Verbs
Imagine that a stranger walks into your room and says:
    * I can.    * People must.    * The Earth will.
Do you understand anything? Has this person communicated anything to you? Probably not! That's because these verbs are helping verbs and have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb. (The sentences in the above examples are therefore incomplete. They need at least a main verb to complete them.) There are only about 15 helping verbs.
2. Main Verbs Now imagine that the same stranger walks into your room and says:     * I teach.    * People eat.    * The Earth rotates.

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Verb Classification

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Verb Formsrb Forms

English verbs come in several forms. For example, the verb to sing can be: to sing, sing, sang, sung, singing or sings. This is a total of 6 forms. Not many, considering that some languages (French, for example) have more than 30 forms for an individual verb. English tenses may be quite complicated, but the forms that we use to make the tenses are actually very simple! With the exception of the verb to be, English main verbs have only 4, 5 or 6 forms. To be has 9 forms. Do not confuse verb forms with tenses. We use the different verb forms to make the tenses, but they are not the same thing.

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Verb Formsrb Forms

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Verbs be, have, do, work

What are Verbs?
The verb is king in English. The shortest sentence contains a verb. You can make a one-word sentence with a verb, for example: "Stop!" You cannot make a one-word sentence with any other type of word.Verbs are sometimes described as "action words". This is partly true. Many verbs give the idea of action, of "doing" something. For example, words like run, fight, do and work all convey action.But some verbs do not give the idea of action; they give the idea of existence, of state, of "being". For example, verbs like be, exist, seem and belong all convey state.A verb always has a subject. (In the sentence "John speaks English", John is the subject and speaks is the verb.) In simple terms, therefore, we can say that verbs are words that tell us what a subject does or is; they describe:

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Verbs be, have, do, work

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Words with More than One Job

Many words in English can have more than one job, or be more than one part of speech. For example, "work" can be a verb and a noun; "but" can be a conjunction and a preposition; "well" can be an adjective, an adverb and an interjection. In addition, many nouns can act as adjectives.To analyze the part of speech, ask yourself: "What job is this word doing in this sentence?"In the table below you can see a few examples. Of course, there are more, even for some of the words in the table. In fact, if you look in a good dictionary you will see that the word "but" has six jobs to do:

word	part of speech	example
work	noun	My work is easy.
	verb	I work in London.
but	conjunction	John came but Mary didn't come.
	preposition	Everyone came but Mary.
well	adjective	Are you well?
	adverb	She speaks well.
	interjection	Well! That's expensive!
afternoon	noun	We ate in the afternoon.
	noun acting as adjective	We had afternoon tea.

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Words with More than One Job

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Parts of Speech Examples

Here are some sentences made with different English parts of speech:

verb Stop!

noun verb John works.

noun verb verb John is working.

 

pronoun verb noun She loves animals.

noun verb adjective noun Animals like kind people.

 

noun verb noun adverb Tara speaks English well.

noun verb adjective noun Tara speaks good English.

 

pronoun	verb	preposition	adjective	noun	adverb
She	ran	to	the	station	quickly.

 

pron.	verb	adj.	noun	conjunction	pron.	verb	pron.
She	likes	big	snakes	but	I	hate	them.

Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech:

interjection	pron.	conj.	adj.	noun	verb	prep.	noun	adverb
Well,	she	and	young	John	walk	to	school	slowly.

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Parts of Speech Examples

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Parts of Speech Table

This is a summary of the 8 parts of speech*. You can find more detail if you click on each part of speech.

part of speech	function or "job"	example words	example sentences
Verb	action or state	(to) be, have, do, like, work, sing, can, must	EnglishClub.com is a web site. I like EnglishClub.com.
Noun	thing or person	pen, dog, work, music, town, London, teacher, John	This is my dog. He lives in my house. We live in London.
Adjective	describes a noun	a/an, the, 69, some, good, big, red, well, interesting	My dog is big. I like big dogs.
Adverb	describes a verb, adjective or adverb	quickly, silently, well, badly, very, really	My dog eats quickly. When he is very hungry, he eats really quickly.
Pronoun	replaces a noun	I, you, he, she, some	Tara is Indian. She is beautiful.
Preposition	links a noun to another word	to, at, after, on, but	We went to school on Monday.
Conjunction	joins clauses or sentences or words	and, but, when	I like dogs and I like cats. I like cats and dogs. I like dogs but I don't like cats.
Interjection	short exclamation, sometimes inserted into a sentence	oh!, ouch!, hi!, well	Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are you? Well, I don't know.

* Some grammar sources categorize English into 9 or 10 parts of speech. At EnglishClub.com, we use the traditional categorization of 8 parts of speech. Examples of other categorizations are:

• Verbs may be treated as two different parts of speech:
  • Lexical Verbs (work, like, run)
  • Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must)
• Determiners may be treated as a separate part of speech, instead of being categorized under Adjectives

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Parts of Speech Table

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